BMGT 808

Professor:		Ken G. Smith
Meeting time:		Tuesday 4:00 - 6:50 pm
Meeting place:		Van Munching Hall
Office:		3308 Van Munching Hall
Office Hours:		3:00 - 4:00 pm Tuesdays

The objective of this course is to help Ph.D. students: (1) prepare for the comprehensive exam in strategic management; and (2) conduct research on strategic management topics. The course is broken down into four sections:

Exams: 40%		A comprehensive final exam
Class presentations and class discussion: 20%
Papers: 40%		A comprehensive research proposal or research project is required. An in class presentation will be made (last class). Papers are due on final exam day. I will not accept any late papers.

Students are expected to do all the reading assignments for each class and to lead and participate in the class discussion of these readings. In completing the reading assignments, students should consider the assigned exam questions that pertain to the specific readings that Class.

What is Strategic Management: Fast track to nowhere or a developing scientific field?

Bettis, R.A. (1991). Strategic management and the straightjacket: An Editorial Essay, Organization Science, Vol. 2. 315-319.

Canella, A. & Paetzold, R. (1994) Pfeffer's barriers to the advance of organizational science: A rejoinder. Academy of Management Review, 19(2): 331-341.

Kuhn T. (1972). Scientific paradigms. in Barnes B. (ed.), Sociology of Science, Harmondsworth: Penguin, 86-93. OR (1962). The structure of scientific revolutions. University of Chicago Press.

Gioia, D. & E. Pitre, (1990). Multiparadigm perspectives on theory building. Academy of Management Review, Vol. 15. 584-602.

Pfeffer J. (1993) Barriers to the advance of organizational science: Paradigm development as a dependent variable. Academy of Management Review, 18 (4): 599-620.

Ansoff, H.I. (1987). The emerging paradigm of strategic behavior. Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 8. 501-515.

Daft, R.L. & Lewin, A.Y. (1990). Can organization studies begin to break out of the normal science straightjacket? Organization Science, 1(1).1-9.

Hambrick, D. (1994) 1993 Presidential Address: What if the academy actually mattered? Academy of Management Review, 19(1) 11-16.

Lee, A.S. (1991). Integrating positivist and interpretive approaches to organizational research. Organization Science, Vol. 2. 342-365.

MacMillan, I. C. (1991). The emerging forum of business policy scholars. Strategic Management Journal, vol. 12. 161-165.

Park, S.H. & Gordon, M.E. (1996). Publication records and tenure decisions in the field of strategic management. Strategic Management Journal, vol. 17(2) 109-128.

Smith, K.G., Sapienza, H. and Sun, J.M. (1994). A decade of strategic management research: patterns in a developing field. Working paper, University of Maryland.

Eisenhardt, K.M. (1989). Building theories from case study research. Academy of Management Review, Vol. 14. 532-550.

Gersick, C. (1994). Pacing strategic change. The case of a new venture. Academy of Management Journal, 37(1): 9-45.

McGrath, J.E. (1964). Toward a "theory of method" for research on organizations. In W.W. Cooper, .L. Leavitt, & M. W. Shelly (Des)., New perspectives in organizational research (533-547). Summerset, NJ: John Wiley.

Snow, C. & Hambrick, D. (1980). Measuring organizational strategies: Some theoretical and methodological problems. Academy of Management Review. vol. 5, 527-538.

Smith, K.G., C. Grimm, M. Gannon, & M.J. Chen, (1991). Organizational information processing: Competitive responses and performance in the US Domestic Airline Industry. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 34, 60-85.

Smith, K.G., C. Grimm & M. Gannon. (1992). The Dynamics of Competitive Strategy. California: Sage Publishing. Chapter 2.

Smith, K.G., K. A. Smith, J. Olian, H. Sims, D. O Bannon, and J. Scully (1994). Top management team demography and process: The role of social integration and communication. Administrative Science Quarterly.

Smith K.G., E. Locke and D. Barry, (1990). Goal Setting, Planning Effectiveness and Performance: an Experimental Study." Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. 46, 118-134.

Venkatraman, N. & Grant, N. (1986). Construct measurement in organizational strategy research: critique and proposal. Academy of Management Review. 71-87.

Chen, M., Farh,J. & MacMillan, I. (1994). An exploration of the expertness of outside informants. Academy of Management Journal, 36(6) :1614-1632.

Dyer, W.G., & A. Wilkins, (1991). Better stories, not better constructs, to generate better theory: A rejoinder to Eisenhardt. Academy of Management Review, Vol. 16. 613-619.

Golden, B. (1992). The past is the past--or is it? The use of retrospective accounts as indicators of past strategy. Academy of Management Journal, 35(4): 848-860..

Jick, T. (1979). Mixing qualitative and quantitative methods: Triangulation in action. Administrative Science Quarterly, 24: 602-611.

Mitchell, T (1985). An evaluation of the validity of correlational research conducted in organizations. Academy of Management Review. vol. 10, 192-205.

Montgomery, C., Wernerfelt, B., & Balakrishnan, S. (1989). Strategy content and the research process; A critique and summary. Strategic Management Journal. 10, 189-197.

Morgan T. & Smircich L (1980). The case for qualitative research. Academy of Management Review. vol. 5, 491-500.

Nayyar, P.R. (1994) On the measurement of competitive strategy: evidence from a large multiproduct U.S. firm. Academy of Management Journal, 36(6):652-1669.

Seth, A. & Zinkhan, G. (1991) Strategy and the research process: A comment. Strategic Management Journal. 12, 75-82.

Van de Ven, A.H. & Huber, G.P. (1990). Longitudinal field research methods for studying processes of organizational change. Organization Science. 1(3) 213-219.

Bettis, R. (1983). Modern financial theory, corporate strategy, and public policy: three conundrums. Academy of Management Review, vol. 8 (3). 406-416.

Cameron, K. & D. Whetten, (1983). Organizational effectiveness: One model or several? In K.S. Cameron & D. Whetten (Eds.), Organizational effectiveness: A comparison of multiple methods (pp. 1-24). New York: Academic Press.

Dess, G. & R. Robinson (1984). Measuring organizational performance in the absence of objective measures: The case of privately-held firm and conglomerate business unit. Strategic Management Journal, vol. 5, 265-273.

Lubatkin, M. (1986). Towards reconciliation of market performance measures to strategic management research. Academy of Management Review, vol. 11 (3). 497-512.

Venkatraman, N. & V. Ramanujam, (1986). Measurement of business performance in strategy Research: A comparison of approaches. Academy of Management Review, vol. 11(4) 801-814.

Fiegenbaum, A., S. Hart, & D. Schendel (1996). Strategic reference point theory. Strategic Management Journal, vol. 17(3)

Andrews K. (1986). The Concept of Corporate Strategy. Homewood, Ill: Irwin. Chapters 2,3,4.

Chandler, A.D., Jr. (1962). Strategy and Structure: Chapters in the History of the American Industrial Enterprise. Cambridge, Ma: MIT Press. read Chapters 1-7.

Child, J. (1972). Organizational structure, environment, and performance: The role of strategic choice. Sociology. vol. 6.1-22.

Hatten, K.J., Schendel, D.E., & Cooper, A.C. (1978). A strategic model of the U.S. brewing industry: 1952-1971. Academy of Management Journal. vol. 21. 592-610.

Hoskisson, R., M. Hitt, W. Wan & D. Yiu, (forthcoming) Swings of a pendulum: Contemporary theory And research in strategic management. Journal of Management.

Miles, R. & Snow, C. (1978). Organizational Strategy, Structure and Process. McGraw-Hill. Chapters 1-7.

Schendel D. & Hofer, C. (1979). Strategic Management: A New View of Business Policy. Boston: Little, Brown & Co.

Foundations of Strategy: Waves of Initial Research Class 5 Assignment September 29

Buzzell, R. Gale, B & Sultan, R. (1975) Market share-A key to profitability. Harvard Business Review, 97-105.

Dess G. & Davis, P (1984). Porter's generic strategies as determinants of strategic group membership and organizational performance. Academy of Management Journal, vol. 27. 467-488.

Hambrick, D. (1983). Some tests of the effectiveness and functional attributes of Miles and Snow's Strategic Types. Academy of Management Journal, vol. 26, 5-26.

Miller, D. & Friesen, P. (1977). Strategy making in context: Ten empirical archetypes. Journal of Management, vol. 14. 251-280.

Smith K.G., Guthrie, J. & Chen, M. (1989). Strategy, size and performance. Organization Studies.

Zeithaml, C. & Fry, L. (1984). Contextual and strategic differences among mature businesses in four dynamic performance situations. Academy of Management Journal, vol. 27 (4), 841- 860.

Barnard, C. (1938). The Functions of the Executive. Boston: Harvard University Press.

Barney, J. (1986). Types of competition and the theory of strategy: Toward an integrative framework. Academy of Management Review. vol. 11, 791-800.

Cool, K.O. & Schendel, D.E. (1987). Strategic group formation and performance: U.S. pharmaceutical industry. Management Science, 33, 1102-1124.

Day, D.L., Farley, J. & Wind, J. (1990). The state of art in theory and method in strategy research. Management Science. Special Issue, vol. 36 (10).

Hambrick, D., I. MacMillan & D. Day (1982). Strategic attributes and performance in the four cells of the BCG matrix-A pims -based analysis of industrial -product businesses. Academy of Management Journal, vol. 25, 510-531.

Hambrick, D. (1984). Taxonomic approaches to studying strategy: Some conceptual and methodological issues. Journal of Management. vol. 1. 27-41. Only important if you don't know anything about cluster analysis.

Jemison, D. (1981). The contribution of organizational theory to strategic management. Academy of Management Review. vol. 21.

Miller, D. & Friesen, P.H. (1984). Organizations: A Quantum View. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Porter, M.E. (1981). The contribution of industrial organization to strategic management. Academy of Management Review. vol. 6,137-156.

Rumelt, R. (1974). Strategy, structure and Economic Performance. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.

Rumelt, R. (1984). Towards a strategic theory of the firm. In R.Lamb (ed.), Competitive Strategic Management, Prentice-Hall,Englewood Cliffs, JN, 556-570.

Rumelt, R. Schendel, D., & Teece, D. (1991). Fundamental Research Issues in Strategy and Economics. Strategic Management Journal. Special Issue. Vol. 12.

Schendel D. & Hofer, C. (1979). Strategic Management: A New View of Business Policy. Boston: little, Brown & Co.

Schoemaker, P. (1990). Strategy, complexity and economic rents. Management Science. Special Issue, vol. 36 (10), 1178-1192.

Thompson, J. (1967). Organizations in Action. NY: McGraw Hill. read pages 3-83: 144-158.

Selznick, P (1957). Leadership in Administration: A Sociological Interpretation. Evanston, IL: Harper & Row

Caves, R. & Ghemawat, P. (1992). Identifying mobility barriers. Strategic Management Journal. 13, 1-12.

Caves R. & Porter, M. (1977). From entry barriers to mobility barriers. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 91, 241-261.

Hansen, G. & Wernerfelt, B. (1989). Determinants of firm performance: The relative importance of economic and organizational factors. Strategic Management Journal, 10: 399-411.

McGahan, A.M. & M. E. Porter (1997). How much does industry matter, Really? Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 18, 15-30.

Peteraf, M.A. (1992). Patterns of rivalry and intraindustry structure. Managerial and Decision Economics.

Peteraf, M.A. & M. Shanley (1997) Getting to know you: A theory of strategic group identity. Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 18, 165-186.

Porter, M. (1979). The structure within industries and companies performance. Review of Economics and statistics, 61: 214-227.

Powell, R. C. (1996). How much does industry matter? An alternative empirical test. Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 17, 323-334.

Rumelt, R. (1991). How much does industry matter? Strategic Management Journal, vol. 12. 167-185.

Smith K.G., Grimm, C. Young, G., & Wally, S. (1997). Strategic Groups and Rivalrous Firm behavior: Towards a reconciliation, Strategic Management Journal.

Barney, J. & Hoskisson R (1994). Strategic groups: untested assertions and research proposals. Managerial and Decision Economics.

Harrigan, K. R. (1982). Exit decisions in mature industries. Academy of Management Journal, vol. 25. 707-732.

Harrigan, K. (1987). Joint ventures: A mechanism for creating strategic change. In Pettigrew, A. (ed.), The Management of Strategic Change, London: Basil Blackwell, Publishers.

Hatten, K. & Schendel, D. Heterogeneity within an industry: Firm conduct in the U.S. brewing industry, 1952-1971. Journal of Industrial Economics. 26, 97-113.

McGee, J. & Thomas, H.(1989). Strategic groups: A further comment. Strategic Management Journal. 10, 105-107.

Nayyar, P. (1989). Strategic groups: A comment. Strategic Management Journal. 10, 101-104.

Porter, M. (1980). Competitive Strategy. NY: MacMillan. Read chapters 1, 3, 4, 7 & 8.

Wiggins R. & Ruefli, R. (1995). Necessary conditions for the predictive validity of strategic groups: Analysis without reliance on clustering techniques. Academy of Management Review vol. 38, 1635-1655.

Barney, J. (1991). Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. The Journal of Management. Vol. 17, 99-120.

Mahoney, J. T. & Pandian, J. (1992). The resource-based view within the conversation of strategic management, Strategic Management Journal, vol. 13, 363-380.

Montgomery, C. (1995). Resource-based and evolutionary theories of the firm. Norwell, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Nelson R. & Winter, S. (1982). An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change. Cambridge, Ma.: Harvard University Press.

Penrose, E. 1959. The theory of the growth of the firm. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Porter, M. (1985). Competitive Advantage. NY: MacMillan. Read the chapter on the value chain.

Prahalad, C. & Bettis, R. 1986. The dominant logic: A new linkage between diversity and performance. Strategic Management Journal. Vol. 7(6).

Teece, D., G. Pisano, & A Shuen (1997). Dynamic capabilities and strategic management. Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 18: 509-533.

Class 8 Assignment October 20 Organizational theories of strategy: Intangible resources and competencies

Cohen, M.D. & Sproull, L.S. (1991) Organizational Learning. Organization Science. Special Issue. Vol. 2(1).

Collis, D. (1994). How valuable are organizational capabilities? Strategic Management Journal. Vol. 15, 143-152.

Davis, J., F.D. Schoorman, & L. Donaldson (1997). Toward a stewardship theory of management. Academy of Management Review, vol. 22: 20-27.

Ghoshal, S. & P. Moran (1996). Bad for practice: A critique of the transaction cost theory. Academy of Management Review, vol. 21: 13-47.

Grant, R. (1996). Toward a knowledge-based theory of the firm. Strategic Management Journal. Vol. 17: 109-122.

Henderson R. & I. Cockburn. (1994). Measuring competence? Exploring firm effects in pharmaceutical research. Strategic Management Journal. vol. 15 63-84.

Liebeskind, J. (1996). Knowledge, Strategy, and the theory of the firm. Strategic Management Journal, vol. 17: 93-109.

Nahapiet J. & S. Ghoshal (1998). Social capital, intellectual capital and the organizational advantage. Academy of Management Review, vol. 23: 242-266.

Williamson, O. (1996). Economic organization: The case for candor. Academy of Management Review, vol. 21: 48-57.

Miller, D. & Shamsie J. (1996). The resource-based view of the firm in two environments: The Hollywood film studies from 1936 to 1965. Academy of Management Journal, vol. 39 (3) 519-543.

Barney, J. (1991). Special Theory Forum, The resource -based model of the firm: origins, Implications and prospects. The Journal of Management. Vol. 17, 97-98.

Castanias,R.P. & Helfat,C. (1991). Managerial resources and rents. The Journal of Management. Vol. 17, 155-171.

Conner, K. (1991). A historical comparison of resource-based theory and five schools of thought within industrial organization economics: Do we have a new theory of the firm? Journal of Management. Vol. 17, 121-154.

Miles, R. & Snow, C. (1978). Organizational Strategy, Structure and Process. McGraw-Hill. Chapters 1-7.

Williamson O. (1991). Comparative economic organization: The analysis of discrete structural alternatives. Administrative Science Quarterly. Vol. 36, 269-296.

Peteraf, M.A. (1993). The cornerstones of competitive advantage: A resource-based view. Strategic Management Journal, 14 (3): 179-192.

Grimm, C. & Smith, K. G. (1997) Strategy as Action. Dallas, TX: Southwest Publishing. Chapters 2 & 3.

Oliver, C. (1997). Sustainable competitive advantage: Combining institutional and resource-based Views. Strategic Management Journal, vol. 18: 697-713.

Jacobson, R. (1992). The "Austrian" School of strategy. Academy of Management Review, 17(4): 782-807.

Kirzner, I. (1973). Competition and entrepreneurship. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Porter, M. (1994). Toward a dynamic theory of strategy. In Rumelt, R. , Schendel, D. & Teece, D. (1994). Fundamental Issues in Strategy, Boston MA: Harvard Business School Press.

Schumpeter, J.A. (1934). The Theory of Economic Development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Chapters 1 & 2

Smith, K.G., C. Grimm & M. Gannon. (1992). The Dynamics of Competitive Strategy. California: Sage Publishing. Chapter 1

Grimm, C. & Smith, K. G. (1997) Strategy as Action. Dallas, TX: Southwest Publishing. Chapters 3.

Chen, M.J. & Hambrick, D. 1995. Speed, stealth, and selective attack: How small firms differ from large firms in competitive behavior. Academy of Management Journal, 38(2), 453- 482.

Craig, T. (1996). The Japanese beer wars: Initiating and Responding to Hypercompetition in New Product Development. Organizational Science, Special Issue part 1. 302-321.

Ferrier, W. K.G. Smith & C. Grimm, (1998) Creative destruction and competitive dynamics: An action-based study of industry dethronement and market share erosion, (Working Paper).

Lee, H., Smith, K.G., C. Grimm & A. Schomburg, (1998) Wealth effects of new product rivalry. (Working Paper).

Young, G., K.G. Smith & C. Grimm (1996). Austrian and Industrial Organization Perspective on Firm-level competitive activity and performance. Organizational Science, Special Issue part 1. 243-254.

Smith, K.G., G. Young, M. Becerra, & C. Grimm (1996). An assessment of the validity of competitive dynamic research. Best Papers Proceedings of the Academy of Management. 61-65.

Chen, M. (1996). Competitor analysis and Interfirm Rivalry: Toward a Theoretical Integration. Academy of Management Review. Vol. 21. 100-134.

Brown, S. & K. Eisenhardt. (1997). The art of continuous change: Linking complexity theory and time- paced evolution in relentlessly shifting organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly. Vol. 42: 1-34.

McGrath, R. M. J. Chen & I. MacMillan, (1998). Multimarket maneuvering in uncertain spheres of influence: Resource diversion strategies. Academy of Management Review, Vol. 23: 724-740.

Gimeno, J. & Woo, C. (1996). Hypercompetition in a multimarket environment: The role of strategic similarity and multimarket contact in competitive de-escalation. Organizational Science, Special Issue part 1. 322-341.

Gimeno, J. & Woo, C. (forthcoming). Multimarket contact, economies of scope and firm performance. Academy of Management Journal.

Gimeno, J. & M. J. Chen, (1998). The dynamics of competitive repositioning. A pair-wise perspective. Best Papers Proceedings of the Academy of Management.

Baldwin, W.L., & Childs, G. L. (1969). The fast second and rivalry in research and development. Southern Economic Journal, 36, 18-24.

Baum, J. & Korn, H. (1996). Competitive dynamics of interfirm rivalry. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 39. 255-291.

Berheim, D. & Whinston (1990). Multimarket contact and collusive behavior. RAND Journal of Economics, 21, -1-26.

Bettis R. & Hitt, M. (1995). Technological transformation and the new competitive landscape. Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 16: Special Issue.

Chen, M. J., Smith, K. G. , & Grimm, C. M. 1992. Action characteristics as predictors of competitive responses. Management Science, 38: 439-455.

Chen, M.J., & MacMillan, I.C., 1992. Nonresponse and delayed response to competitive moves: The roles of competitor dependence and action irreversibility. Academy of Management Journal, 35(3), 539-570.

Chen, M.J., & Miller, D., 1994. Competitive attack, retaliation and performance: An expectancy- valence framework. Strategic Management Journal, 15, 85-102.

Dolan, E.G. (1976). The foundations of modern Austrian economics. Kansas City, MO: ` Sheed & Ward.

Eaton, B.C. & Ware, R. (1987). A theory of market structure with sequential entry. Rand Journal of Economics, 18, 1-16.

Feinberg, R.M. (1985). Sales at risk: A test of the mutual forbearance theory of conglomerate behavior. Journal of Business, vol. 58. 225-241.

Fombrun, C. & Shanley, M. (1990). What's in a name? Reputation building and corporate strategy. Academy of Management Journal, 33, 233-258.

Fudenberg, D., Gilbert, R. Stiglitz, J., & Tirole, J. (1983). Preemption, leapfrogging, and competition in patent races. European Economic Journal, 22, 3-31.

Gal-Or, E. (1985). First mover and second mover advantages. International Economic Review, 26, 649-653.

Gatignon, H. Anderson, E. & Helsen, K. (1989). Competitive reactions to market entry: Explaining interfirm differences. Journal of Marketing, 26, 44-55.

Glazer, A. (1985). The advantages of being first. American Economic Review, 75, 473-480.

Guasch, L. & Weiss, A. (1980). Adverse selection by markets and the advantage of being late. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 453-466.

Hill, C. (1992). Strategies for exploiting technological innovations: When and when not to license. Organization Science, 3(3): 428-441.

Kamien, M. I, & Schwartz, N.L. (1978). Potential rivalry, monopoly profits and the pace of inventive activity. Review of Economic Studies, 45, 547-557.

Kirzner, I.M. (1981). The "Austrian: perspective. In D. Bell & I. Kristol (Eds.), The crisis in economic theory: 111-122. New York: Basic Books.

Kreps, D. M., & Wilson, R. (1982). Reputation and imperfect information. Journal of Economic Theory, 27, 253-279.

Lieberman M.B. & Montgomery, D.B. (1988). First-mover advantages. Strategic Management Journal. 9, 41-58.

Mascarenhas, B. (1992). First mover effects in multiple dynamic markets. Strategic Management Journal. 13, 237-243.

Mansfield, E. (1988). The speed and cost of industrial innovation in Japan and the United States: External vs. internal innovations. Management Science, 34: 1157-1168..

Mitchell, W. (1989), Whether and When? Probability and timing of incumbents' entry into emerging industrial sub-fields. Administrative Science Quarterly, 34:208-230.

Milgrom, P., & Roberts, J. (1982). Predation, reputation and entry deterrence. Journal of Economic Theory, 27, 280-312.

Nelson R. & Winter, S. (1982). An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change. Cambridge, Ma.: Harvard University Press. Read chapters 8, 11, & 12.

Robinson, W. T. (1988). Sources of market pioneer advantages: The case of industrial goods industries. Journal of Marketing Research, 87-94.

Weigelt, K. & Camerer, C. (1988). Reputation and corporate strategy: A review of rent theory and applications. Strategic Management Journal, 9, 443-454.

Wilson, R. (1985). Reputation in games and markets. In A. E. Roth (Ed.), Game-theoretical models of bargaining (27-62). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge university Press.

Burt, R. (????). The social structure of competition. In Eccles & Nohria: Networks and organizations

Burt, R. (1997). The contingent value of social capital. Administrative Science Quarterly, vol. 42:339-365.

Coff, R. (1998). When competitive advantage doesn't lead to performance: The resource-based view And stakeholder bargaining power. Working Paper.

Coleman J. (1988). Social capital in the creation of human capital. American Journal of Sociology.

Galaskiewicz, J. & S. Wasserman. (1993). Social network analysis. Sociological methods & research. Vol. 22: 3-22.

Granovetter, M. (1973). The strength of weak ties. American Journal of Sociology. Vol. 78.: 1360-

Nohria, N. (????). Is a network perspective a useful way of studying organizations. In Eccles & Nohria Networks and Organization,.

Browning, L. Beyer, J. & Shetler, J. (1995). Building cooperation in a competitive industry: SEMATECH and the semiconductor industry. Academy of Management Journal. Edited by Smith, Carroll and Ashford. Vol. 38. 113-151.

Dollinger, M. (1990). The evolution of collective strategies in fragmented industries. Academy of Management Review. 15, 266-285.,

Gulati, R. (1995) Does Familiarity Breed Trust. Academy of Management Journal. Edited by Smith,Carroll and Ashford. Vol. 38. 85-112.

Ring, P.S. & Van de Ven, A. (1994). Developmental processes of cooperative interorganizational relationships. The Academy of Management Review, 19(1): 90-118.

Smith, K.G., C. Grimm & M. Gannon. (1992). The Dynamics of Competitive Strategy. California: Sage Publishing. Chapter 8.

Smith, K. G., S. Carroll & S. Ashford, (1995) Intra and inter-organizational cooperation: toward a research Agenda. Academy of Management Journal.

Axelrod, R. 1984. The evolution of cooperation. New York: Basic Books. Asch, P., & Seneca, J. (1975) Characteristics of collusive firms. Journal of Industrial Economics. 223-236.

Astley, W. & Fombrun, C. (1983). Collective strategy: Social ecology of organizational environments. Academy of Management Review. 8(4), 576-587.

Barnett, W. & Carroll, G. R. (1987). Competition and Mutualism among early telephone companies. Administrative Science Quarterly. 2, 400-421.

Bresser, R. (1988). Matching collective and competitive strategies. Strategic Management Journal. 9, 375-385.

Contractor, F.J. & Lorange, P. 1988. Cooperative strategies in international business. Lexington, Mass. D. C. Heath. 31-53.

Frass, A. G., & Greer, D. (1977). Market structure and price collusion: An empirical analysis. Journal of Industrial Economics, 26, 21-43.

Hamel, G. Doz, Y. & Prahalad,C.K. (1989). Collaborate with your competitors-and win. Harvard Business Review. January-February, 133-139.

Koh, J. & Venkatraman, N. (1991). Joint venture formations and stock market reactions: An assessment in the information technology sector. Academy of Management. 34(4), 869- 892.

Kogut, B., Shan, W., & Walker, G. 1992. The make-or-cooperate decision in the context of an industry network. In N. Nohria & R. Eccles (Des), Networks and Organizations: Structure, Form and Action: 348-365. Boston, Mass: Harvard Business School Press.

Kwoka, J., & Ravenscraft, D. (1986). Cooperation vs. rivalry: Price-cost margins by line of business. Economica, 53, 351-363.

Mariti, P. & Smiley, R. (1983). Cooperative agreements and the organization of industry. Journal of Industrial Economics. 31 (4), 437-451.

Morita, A. (1992). Partnering for competitiveness: The role of Japanese Business. Harvard Business Review. May-June, 65-75.

Nielsen, R. (1988). Cooperative strategy. Strategic Management Journal. 9, 475-492.

Parkhe, A. (1993), Strategic alliance structuring: A game theoretic and transaction cost examination of interfirm cooperation. Academy of Management Journal, 36(4) :794-829.

Richardson, R.J. (1987). Directorship interlocks and corporate profitability. Administrative Science Quarterly. 32: 367-386.

Scherer, F.M. & Ross D. (1990). Industrial Market Structure and Economic Performance. 3rd Ed. Chicago: Rand McNally Publishing. Read Chapters 7-9

Schermerhorn, J.R. (1975). Determinants of interorganizational cooperation. Academy of Management Journal. 18:846-856.

Young, G. K. Smith & C. Grimm. (1994). Cooperating to compete. Presented to the annual meeting of the Strategic Management Society. Process Dimensions of Strategy

Allison, G.T. (1969). Conceptual models of the Cuban missile crisis. The American Political Science Review. vol. 63. 689-718

Braybrooke, D. & Lindblom, C. (1970). A Strategy of Decision. Free Press. Chapters 3,4,5.

Dean J. & Sharfman, M. (1996). Does Decision Process Matter? A study of strategic decision-making effectiveness. Academy of Management Journal. Vol. 29. 368-396.

Eisenhardt K. M. & Zbaracki, M. J. (1992). Strategic Decision Making. Strategic Management Journal, 13: 17-38.

Frederickson J. & Iaquinto, A (1989) Inertia and creeping rationality in strategic decision processes. The Academy of Management Journal. 32(3), 516-542.

Frederickson, J. & Mitchell, T. (1984). Comprehensiveness and performance in an industry with an unstable environment. Academy of Management Journal. vol. 27. 399-423.

Andrews K. (1986). The Concept of Corporate Strategy. Homewood, Ill: Irwin. Chapters 2,3,4.

Ansoff, H.I. (1991). Critique of Henry Mintzberg's 'The design school: reconsidering the basic premises of strategic management.' Strategic Management Journal. Vol. 6, 449-462.

Chakravarthy, B. & Doz Y. (1992). Strategy process: Managing corporate self renewal. Special Issue: Strategic Management Journal, vol. 13.

Eisenhardt, K.M. (1989). Making fast strategic decisions in high-velocity environments. The Academy of Management Journal.32(3), 543-576.

Ghoshal, S. & Westney, D. (1991). Organizing competitor analysis systems. Strategic Management Journal. 12, 17-31.

Hart, S. (1992) An integrative framework for strategy-making processes. Academy of Management Review. 17, 327-351.

Hitt, M. & Tyler, B. (1991). Strategic decision models: Integrating different perspectives. Strategic Management Journal. vol. 12, 327-352.

Judge, W. & Miller, A. (1991). Antecedents and outcomes of decision speed in different environmental contexts. Academy of Management Journal. 34, 449-463.

Mintzberg, H. (1991). Learning 1, planning 0: Reply to Igor Ansoff. Strategic Management Journal. Vol. 6, 463-466.

Mintzberg, H. (1978). Patterns in strategy formation. Management Science. May, 934-948.

Mintzberg, H. (1990). Strategy formation: Schools of thought. In J. Frederickson (ed.), Perspectives on Strategic Management, Harper Business, New York, 105-235.

Schendel D. & Hofer, C. (1979). Strategic Management: A New View of Business Policy. Boston: little, Brown & Co. Pages 1-22: 97-188.

Zajac, E. & Bazerman, M. (1991). Blind spots in industry and competitor analysis: implications of Interfirm (mis)perceptions for strategic decisions. Academy of Management Review. 16, 37- 56.

Hambrick, D. & Mason, P. (1984). Upper echelons: The organization as a reflection of its top managers. Academy of Management Review. vol. 8. 35-49.

Finkelstein, S. (1992) Power in top management teams: Dimension, measurement and validation. Academy of Management Journal. 35(3): 505.

Finkelstein, S. & Hambrick, D. (1996). Strategic Leadership: Top executives and their effects on organizations. St Paul, MN: West

Friedman S.D.& Singh, H (1989). CEO succession and stockholder reaction: The influence of organizational context and event content. Academy of Management Journal. 32(4) 718-744.

Ancona, D. & Nadler, D. (forthcoming). Teamwork at the top. Sloan Management Review.

Beatty R. & Zajac, E.J. (1990). Top Management Incentives, monitoring and risk/bearing: A study of executive compensation, ownership, and board structure in initial public offerings. Best Paper Proceedings of the Academy of Management.

Boeker W. (1992). Power and managerial dismissal: Scapgoating at the top. Administrative Science Quarterly, 37: 400-421.

Cannella, A., Lubatkin, M. & Kapouch, M. (working paper).Antecedents of executive selection: additional empirical evidence. Texas A&M University.

Finkelstein S. & Hambrick, D.C. (1988) Chief executive compensation: A synthesis and reconciliation. Strategic Management Journal9(6) 543-558.

Finkelstein, S. & Hambrick, (1990). Top-management team tenure and organizational outcomes; The moderating role of managerial discretion. Administrative Science Quarterly. 35, 484-503.

Frederickson, J., Hambrick, D., & Baumrin S. (1988). A model of CEO Dismissal. The Academy of Management Review. 13(2), 255-270.

Hambrick, D. & Fukutomi, G. (1991). The seasons of the CEO's tenure. Academy of Management Review. 16, 719-742.

Hambrick, D. & A. Cannella, (193). Relative standing: A framework for understanding departures of acquired executives. Academy of Management Journal, 36(4): 733-762.

Miller, D., Kets de Vries, M., & J. Toulouse. (1982). Top executive locus of control and its relationship to strategy making,structuring and environment. Academy of Management Journal. vol. 25. 237-253.

Selznick, P (1957). Leadership in Administration: A Sociological Interpretation. Evanston, IL: Harper & Row.

Wade, J., O'Reilly, C.A. & Chandratat, I. (1990). Golden parachutes: CEOs and the exercise of social Influence. Administrative Science Quarterly. 35, 587-603.

Barney J. (1990). The debate between traditional management theory organizational economics: Substantive differences or intergroup conflict. The Academy of Management Review. 15(3), 382-393.

Eisenhardt K. (1989). Agency Theory: An assessment and review. The Academy of Management Review. 14(1) 57-74.

Donaldson L. (1990) A rational basis for criticism of organizational economics: A reply to Barney. The Academy of Management Review.15(3) 394-401.

Donaldson L. (1990). The ethereal hand: Organizational economic and management theory. The Academy of Management Review. 15(3) 369-381.

Jones G. (1987). Organization-client transactions and organizational governance structures. The Academy of Management Journal. 30(2), 197-218.

Zajac, E. (1992). CEO preferences for incentive compensation: An empirical analysis. Best Paper Proceedings of the Academy of Management. 47-52.

Boeker, W. & Goodstein, J. (1991). Organizational performance and adaptation: Effects of Environment and performance on changes in board composition. Academy of Management Journal. 34, 805-826

Baysinger, B. & Hoskisson, R. (1990). The composition of boards of directors and strategic control: Effects on corporate strategy. The Academy of Management Review. 15(1), 1-16.

Baysinger, B., Kosnik, R. & Turk, T. (1991) Effects of board and ownership structure on corporate R D Strategy. Academy of Management Journal. 34, 205-214.

D'Aveni, R. & I. Kesner, (1993). Top managerial prestige, power and tender offer response: A study of elite social networks and target firm cooperation during takeovers. Organization Science, 4(3): 123-151.

Goodstein, J. & Boeker, W. (1991). Turbulence at the top: A new perspective on governance structure changes and strategic change. Academy of Management Journal. 34, 306-331.

Hill, C. & Snell, S.A. (1989). Effects of ownership structure and control on corporate productivity. The Academy of Management Journal. 32(1) 25-46.

Kosnick, R. (1990). Effects of board demography and directors incentives on corporate greenmail decisions. The Academy of Management Journal. 33(1), 129-150.

Kesner, I (1988). Directors' characteristics and committee membership: An investigation of type, occupation, tenure, and gender. The Academy of Management Journal. 31(1), 66-84.

Kesner, I (1986). Board composition and the commission of illegal acts: An investigation of Fortune 500 companies. The Academy of Management Journal. 29, 789-799.

Kesner, I. & Johnson, R. (1990). An investigation of the relationship between board composition and stockholder suits. Strategic Management Journal. 11, 327-336.

Scott, W. (1988). The management governance theories of justice and liberty. Journal of Management. 14, 277-298.

Singh, H. & Harianto, F. (1989). Management-board relationships,takeover risks, and the adoption of golden parachutes. The Academy of Management Journal. 32(1), 7-24.

Walsh, J. & Kosnik, R. (1993). Corporate raiders and their disciplinary role in the market for corporate control. Academy of Management Journal, 36(4): 671-700.

Venkatraman, N., Loh, L. & Koh, Jeongsuk, (1991). Diffusion of corporate governance mechanisms: A test of imitative behavior.Working paper, MIT.

Fiegenbaum, A. Sudharshan, D. & Thomas, H. (1987). The concept of strategic time periods in strategic group research. Managerial and Decision Economics. 8, 139-148.

Gersick, C. (1994). Pacing strategic change. The case of a new venture. Academy of Management Journal, 37(1): 9-45.

Ginsberg, A. (1988). Measuring and modeling changes in strategy: Theoretical foundations and empirical directions. Strategic Management Journal. 9(6) 559-576.

Hambrick, D. M. Geletkanycz & J. Fredrickson, J. (1993). Top executive commitment to the status quo: some tests of its determinants. Strategic Management Journal, 14(6): 401-419.

Mascarenhas, B (1989). Strategic Group Dynamics. The Academy of Management Journal. 32(2) 333-352.

Miller, D. (1993) The architecture of simplicity. Academy of Management Review, 18(1): 116-138.

Mintzberg, H. & Westley, F. (1992). Cycles of organizational change. Strategic Management Journal, 13: 39-60.

Mitchell, W. & K. Singh, (1993) Death of the lethargic: Effects of expansion into new technical subfields on performance in a firm's base business. Organization Science, 4(2): 152-180.

Quinn, J.B. (1980). Strategies for Change. Homewood, IL: Irwin. Chapters 2,3, & 4.

Smith K.G, & Grimm, C (1987). Environmental variation, strategic change and firm performance: A Study of railroad deregulation. Strategic Management Journal. vol. 8. 363-376.

Zajac, E.J. & Shortell, S.M. (1989). Changing generic strategies: Likelihood, direction and performance implications. Strategic Management Journal. 10(5) 413-430.

Aktouf O. (1992). Management and theories of organizations in the 1990s: Toward a critical radical humanism? Academy of Management Review. Vol. 17 407-431.

Alvesson M. & Willmott, H. (1992) On the idea of emancipation in management and organization studies. Academy of Management Review. Vol. 17 432-464.

Bacharach S. B. (1989). Organizational Theories: Some criteria for evaluation. The Academy of Management Review. 14(4), 496-515.

Van de Ven A.H. (1989). Nothing is quite so practical as a good theory. The Academy of Management Review. 14(4), 486-489.

Whetten D. (1989). What constitutes a theoretical contribution? The Academy of Management Review. 14(4), 490-495.

Zajac, E. (1992). Relating economic and behavior perspectives in strategy research. Advances in Strategic Management (P. Shrivastava, A. Huff, and J. Dutton, eds.), Vol. 8.

Aldrich, H. E. & Auster, E.R. (1985). Even dwarfs started small: Liabilities of age and size and their strategic implications. Research in Organizational Behavior. vol. 8, 165-198.

Chandler, A.D., Jr. (1962). Strategy and structure: Chapters in the history of the American Industrial Enterprise, Cambridge, Ma:MIT Press. Read pages 380-396.

D'Aveni, R. (1989). The aftermath of organizational decline: A longitudinal study of the strategic and managerial characteristics of declining firms. The Academy of Management Journal. 32(3), 577-605.

Hambrick, D. & D'Aveni, R. (forthcoming). Large corporate failures as downward spirals. Administrative Science Quarterly.

Hambrick D. C. & S.M. Schecter, (1983). Turnaround strategies of mature industrial-product business units. Academy of Management Journal. 26, 231-248.

Hofer, C. (1980). Turnaround strategies. Journal of Business Strategy. 1, 19-31.

Lumbkin G. & Dess, G. (1995). Simplicity as a strategy-making process: The effects of stage of organizational development and environment on performance. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 38, 1386-1407.

Kimberly, J.R. & Miles, R.H. (1980). The Organizational Life Cycle: Issues in the Creation, Transformation and Decline of Organizations. Washington: Jossey-Bass.

Robbins, K. & Pearce, J. (1992). Turnaround: retrenchment and recovery. Strategic Management Journal. 13, 287-309.

Romanelli, E. (1989). Environments and strategies of organization start-up: Effects on early survival. Administrative Science Quarterly. 34, 369-387.

Scott, B. (1971). Stages of Corporate Development. Boston: Harvard Business School, Intercollegiate Case Clearing House.

Smith, K. G., Mitchell, T. & Summer, C. (1985). Top level management priorities in different stages of the organizational life cycle. Academy of Management Journal. vol. 28. 799- 820.

Sutton, R. (1987). The process of organizational death: Disbanding and reconnecting. Administrative Science Quarterly. 32, 542-569.

Tucker, D.J., Singh, J. & Meinhard, A.G. (1990). Organization form, population dynamics, and institutional change: The founding patterns of voluntary organizations. The Academy of Management Journal. 33(1), 151-178.

Van de Ven A. & Poole, M. (1995). Explaining development and change in organizations. Academy of Management Review. Vol. 20. 510-540.

Weitzel, W. & Jonsson, E. (1989). Decline in organizations: A literature integration and extension. Administrative Science Quarterly. 34, 91-109.

Whetten, D.A. (1987). Organizational growth and decline process. Annual Review of Sociology. vol. 13. 335-358.

Aldrich, H. (1979) Organizations and environments. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Chapters 2 and 3.

Barnard, C. (1938). The Functions of the Executive. Boston: Harvard University Press.

Chandler, A.D., Jr. (1962). Strategy and Structure: Chapters in the History of the American Industrial Enterprise, Cambridge, Ma: MIT Press. Read .

Galbraith, J.R. & Kozanjian R.K. (1986). Strategy Implementation: Structure, Systems and Process. St. Paul: West Publishing Co.

Kimberly, J.R. & Miles, R.H. (1980). The Organizational Life Cycle: Issues in the Creation, Transformation and Decline of Organizations. Washington: Jossey-Bass.

Kuhn T. (1962). The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. University of Chicago Press.

Lawrence, P. & Lorsch, J. (1967). Organization and Environment. Harvard Business School, Division of Research.

Miles, R. & Snow, C. (1978). Organizational Strategy, Structure and Process. McGraw-Hill.

Miller, D. & Friesen, P.H. (1984). Organizations: A Quantum View. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Montgomery, C. (1995). Resource-based and evolutionary theories of the firm. Norwell, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Nelson R. & Winter, S. (1982). An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change. Cambridge, Ma.: Harvard University Press.

Pheffer, J. & Salancik, G.R. (1978). The External Control of Organizations. New York: Harper & Row.

Rumelt, R. , Schendel, D. & Teece, D. (1994). Fundamental Issues in Strategy, Boston MA: Harvard Business School Press.

Schendel D. & Hofer, C. (1979). Strategic Management: A New View of Business Policy. Boston: little, Brown & Co.

Scherer, F.M. & Ross D. (1990). Industrial Market Structure and Economic Performance. 3rd Ed. Chicago: Rand McNally Publishing.

Selznick, P (1957). Leadership in Administration: A Sociological Interpretation. Evanston, IL: Harper & Row, pages .

Woodward, J. (1958). Management and Technology: Problems of Progress in Industry Series, No. 3. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Pages .